Intellectual Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example In some jurisdictions, copyright, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and industrial design rights are also considered as common intellectual properties. The extent of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights largely varies from country to country. Both common law and statute play a significant role in the IP law relating to the creation and protection of intellectual property. Since trademarks, patents, and copyrights are under private ownership for a restricted period of time, specific statues are concerned with the creation and serving of such concepts. US Constitution and Congressional legislature is the major institution responsible for the governance of copyrights and patents whereas state and federal laws are concerned with trademarks and unfair competition disputes. Since patent law is a very complicated and broad one, several adjustments are made to patent law according the nature of breach of contract. 2. In Japan, works created by an individual under his own name or a known pseudonym are legally protected for fifty years after the individual’s death. ... According to the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) of 1998, copyright would last for the life of the author plus 70 years under normal case while the copyright may last for 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation in the case of corporate authorship works. Hence, if the author dies tonight after he created some music or sculpture in the morning, the copyright for his work will expire after 70 years. 6. When an individual works for a software company, he may own the software he created and it will be protected by copyright even if he has not formed a written agreement with the company. In the absence of a written agreement, creations of a salaried individual belong to his employer’s property. In order to apply for a software patent, it is necessary to provide the current state of the art, usefulness of the invention, software invention steps, and related flow diagrams and system diagrams. 7. An individual or group of individuals who have created a unique, origin al, and creative work of expression is given copyright. ‘Gone With The Wind’ (the book and film) and ‘System of A Down’ are some of the examples of copyright works. In addition, literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, and computer databases are some other examples that qualify for copyright protection. Likewise, the right to show the name of the performer, right to control the reproduction of transmitted programs, and the right to control the broadcasting of live performances represent the examples of neighboring rights. 8. Secondary copyright deals with the manufacture and distribution of infringing copies. For instance, the trader who unintentionally sells or stores the infringed copies may be

Famous Insanity Defense Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Famous Insanity Defense Cases - Essay Example Insanity defense dates back from Ancient Greece and Rome, however, the first definition that is closer to the modern definition of insanity defense was given by an English Court, in 1843, the insane person being compared to a wild beast. However, an earlier definition explains insane defense as it follows: â€Å"If a madman or a natural fool, or a lunatic in the time of his lunacy do [kill a man], this is no felonious act for they cannot be said to have any understanding will.† In the USA, some of the leading historical moments directly connected to the insane defense are: the case Durham v. United States , (which established the Durham rule, also known as the â€Å"Product test†), the drafting of the American Law Institute Test (1953), the Hinckley case , which led to the adoption of Insanity Defense Reform Act in 1984 and the well known Andrea Yates case. The Andrea Yates case is one of the most mediated criminal cases involving insanity defense of the 21st century. Unfortunately, this is due to its dramatic implications. However, in spite of the horrifying implications, the defense attorneys managed to prove her mental instability and avoid her being convicted to prison for life time or maybe even death penalty. Andrea Yates is woman from Texas who one day killed all of her five children by drowning them, and after that, she called her husband and the police and let them know what she had done. The theories regarding this case are numerous and they continue to appear. Some are sure that the woman was suffering from a severe mental disorder, others disagree. The first trial found Andrea Yates guilty and gave her a life sentence. She was granted a second trial one year later and the jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity. The defense attorneys focused on proving Andrea Yates’ mental illness, which according to family, f riends and psychiatrists who had treated her in the past, was a FACT. In spite of the prosecution expert – Dr. Welner and other evidence, Andrea pleaded not guilty during the second trial. Dr. Park Dietz made a list of events that had affected Andrea Yates during her life and may have contributed to her mental disorder: â€Å"Giving up her career; Giving up her possessions; Changing her

Critique of a Research Article Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique of a Article - Research Paper Example The major objective of this research was to evaluate the general effects of cultural competency performance and training feedback for the primary care clinicians or rather practitioners for the black patients. Moreover, the study design was clustered and randomized controlled trials in close to eight ambulatory health facilities. One hundred and twenty four primary care clinicians who take care of about four thousand eight hundred and fifty eight (4858) white patients who mark 64% of the diabetic patients and two thousand six hundred and ninety nine (2699) black people who make about 36% of the diabetic patients in the region, participated in this study. Thus, the report or rather the entire study identified the relevant articles. The crucial aspects in the study were the cultural training and performance on how competent the medical clinicians can be when it comes to taking care of patients from diverse races in the globe. For this case, the white and the black patients were conside red. Furthermore, the report brings out the racial differences that exist in the control of hemoglobin, the levels of cholesterol and blood pressure among the patients (Sequist, Fitzmaurice, Marshall, Shaykevich, Marston, Safran, & Ayanian, 2010). The literature review of this report covers all the relevant areas as per the research. The appropriate theories such as the Leininger’s cultural theory which discusses the differences and the sameness of cultures that fully determines the kind of care any patient deserves was used. In addition, the report exhausts all the standards of the cultural competence such as social justice, critical reflection, the transcultural knowledge, education and training of the clinicians, multicultural workforce, the cross cultural leadership and the evidence based practice (McBean, Huang, Virnig, Lurie & Musgrave, 2003). These are some of the theories that fully support the objective of this kind of study. Alongside these theories, the review of l iterature is well organized so as to demonstrate the progress and development of the relevant aspects across the previous studies. Thus, the whole summary of the theoretical and empirical parts provide a reliable basis of the mentioned study. Furthermore, the report’s framework is explicitly presented. The subtopics are precise and to the point. All the relevant sections of a report are present in the body. For instance, there is a result sections which is extremely detailed with the correct figures and measurements of the data which was collected in the field. The research article fully defines and describes the most crucial concepts in the study. The concepts such as culture, training, performance, race, clinicians and diabetes are clearly defined and described in the article. Clarity of such concepts makes the entire report cover the studied aspects in the research. Moreover, these concepts are all linked to the study’s variables since they all revolve around the cl inician awareness of the differences in races and the cultures of various patients (Zaslavsky, Trivedi, Ayanian & Schneider, 2005). This research report tends to describe and analyze the current knowledge about the research problem or rather the aspects that lead to this study. It describes the disparities that are present in health facilities when it comes to the treatment of both the black and the white diabetic patients. The report further describes the difference or the

Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iron Deficiency Anemia - Essay Example The article encompasses information about causes, symptoms and treating iron deficiency anemia. The body needs iron to make hemoglobin, the most important component of the red blood cells. Insufficient supply of iron limits the production of hemoglobin, which in turn affects the production of red blood cells (RBCs). This decreased amount of hemoglobin and RBCs in the bloodstream is known as anemia. Since, RBCs are needed to carry oxygen throughout the body, anemia results in less oxygen reaching the cells and tissues, affecting their function (AMAG Pharmaceuticals). Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), often caused by inadequate iron ingestion. It is the major cause of anemia in childhood. Iron-fortified infant formulas and cereals have substituted the iron requirement in infants of United States (American Reagent). IDA or Iron-deficiency anemia doesn't develop instantly, but, a person develops through stages of iron deficiency, beginning with iron diminution, in which the amount of iron in the body is reduced while the iron in RBCs remains constant, persistence of this leads to progression of iron deficiency, ultimately leading to IDA. This is because the red blood cells will have less hemoglobin than normal (AMAG Pharmaceuticals,). Iron-deficiency anemia is a resultant of several factors, encompassing- insufficient iron in the diet, poor absorption of iron by the body, ongoing blood loss, most commonly from menstruation or from gradual blood loss in the intestinal tract, episodes of rapid growth. In certain cases poverty becomes a contributing factor to IDA because families living at or below the poverty level may not be getting enough iron-rich foods (Gasch,, 1997). It is manifested that Iron deficiency alters the physiological functions and IDA enables the body to absorb more lead, which enhances the risk of lead poisoning in kids, particularly those living in older homes. This leads to ill health and also children face difficulties in learning and show behavioral problems. Moreover, rapid growth demands more iron and therefore any kind of iron deficiency in nutrition leads to IDA. It is observed that, infants, discontinuing iron-fortified formula and substituted with cow's milk before 12 months can lead to IDA. Since, cow's milk is low in iron essential for infant growth and development; it often replaces the consumption of iron-rich foods. Milk reduces the absorption of iron causing irritation in the intestinal mucosa resulting in small amounts of bleeding. This slow, gradual loss of blood in the stool - combined with low iron intake - may eventually result in IDA (US FDA). Other causes of IDA encompass prematurity and low birth weight, poor iron intake in the diet for children between the ages of 1 and 3 years make them prone to IDA, high consumption of cow's milk, during the onset of puberty, when growth is at its peak, boys are at risk of IDA. Adolescent girls are at higher risk because of menstrual blood loss and smaller iron stores than boys. Many girls also tend to consume a diet low in iron. On the contrary, multivitamins with iron aren't adequate and taking too much iron is a major cause of serious poisoning in children (American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP). Deficiency of Vitamin C also leads to poor iron absorption leading to IDA as vitamin C enhances iron absorption in the body. Inadequate daily intake of iron in pregnancy, growth

History of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

History of Architecture - Essay Example It will also reveal innovative new building technologies and strategies that can help and restore the viability of a natural cycle (History of architecture, 12). This essay will also touch on the main functions of a shelter and how humans have continuously adapted to differing environments through an amazing diversity of structure. Humans are required to live harmoniously with each other for future growth of the environment. This essay will discuss the nature of dwelling (from the urban scale to the â€Å"home†) in the built environment from the 18th-21st centuries, putting into consideration the scale of the city and the individual or multi-family dwelling. In addition, this essay will describe the design global and the local-built environment from the 18th-21st century and what were happening during the age of reason or enlightenment period, the modern period, and the postmodern period. The traces that are found in caves makes us believe that early humans were living in cave s. The bones they gnawed, even their own bones, and the flints they used were creped around for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished somewhere else. Caves were winter shelters, and none wished to remain inside on a summer day. This is similar to the response that our ancestors portrayed. The right to travel extensively for the goals of hunting as well as gathering called for the need for at least a short-term shelter. The demand for shelter brought about the beginning of architecture (Pryce, 19). The early human needed a shelter against rain and sun hence they would lean some protective shields, for example, they used leafy branches against the trunk of a tree. Traces of early dwellings that can be counted as reliable were found for as early as 30,000 years ago. The circular or oval ring of stones together with the local materials that was used to act as a tent-like roof was enough evidence that the early humans practiced architecture. An encampment from 25,000 years ago h as been at Dolni Vestonice in Eastern Europe. The evolution of architecture shifted form tents to round houses by around 8000 BC. By 6500 BC, human beings lived in houses with straight walls, which had windows. From the 5th to the 2nd millennium, the construction of Stone Age graves and temples was acquired, and it became common. Multi-family dwelling also known as a multi-dwelling unit or multi-family residential is a categorization of the housing element for the non-commercial populace is contained within one or several building within one complex (McIntyre et al, 15). One common form of a multi-family dwelling is an apartment building. In some cases, multi-family dwelling building is owned individually instead of leasing from a single apartment building owner. There are different types of multi-family dwelling. These include two flat, which is commonly built on a house lot. The second one is a three flat which is similar to two flat, but it contains three flats; they are most com mon. Another type of multi-family dwelling is a four flat apartment (Graff, 17). Duplex or semi-detached - one building, which consist of two houses, townhouse – this is a type of house that is attached to townhouses. There is also the apartment, mixed used building, and apartment community. A one-family dwelling might be referred to as a semi-detached housing. In this case, each unit is separate from another. This makes it easier to sell the

Staffing & Talent Management F12 Assignment #3 Essay

Staffing & Talent Management F12 Assignment #3 - Essay Example Most organisations in today’s world are high profit seeking business partners. They have their plans, objectives and actions aligned with financial goals in mind. Therefore for such organisation, strategic monitoring of performance by the leadership is very important. This is the contribution area registering the contribution made by employees in the area of their core competency. This accounts for the main work that give the organisation its â€Å"bread butter†. For an IT organisation, it is developing applications, building software, providing software solution consultancy etc. For manufacturing companies it could be throughput of manufacturing operation, reduction of waste, optimisation of processes. For a public service company it could be generating ideas related to a particular field, implementation of internal projects, ability to cut down on departmental expenses etc. This is the leadership contribution area responsible for training and development of staff. This parameter is necessary for understanding the impact of leaders on their team and peers. It measures training and motivation efficiency, it calibrates and provides a benchmark for trainings to be taken and leadership roles to be undertaken in order to ensure growth of the organisation. It is a crucial area that registers responsibilities taken over and above current responsibilities. It encompasses the qualities of ownership, accountability, customer satisfaction and dedication towards achieving 100 % customer satisfaction score keeping in mind larger topics like: future business, long term goals, long lasting customer relationships, joint efforts, partnerships, forecasted future financial benefit etc. Value Creator contribution area also records the value addition that an employee brings to his work through added effort out of the set of assigned results. Apart from

Baroque and Rococo styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baroque and Rococo styles - Essay Example It is important to identify the differences between Baroque and Rococo art styles. The most outstanding difference between them is that Baroque art as an inspiration to architecture existed before the Rococo period. Baroque art dates back to, and stretches across the 17th and part of the 18th century. On its part, Rococo art influenced architecture for part of the 18th century before it faded. By definition, Baroque art refers to a bizarre, complex, and extravagant [architectural] ornamentation style or period. On the other hand, Rococo is defined as a style of architectural decoration whose sensitivityemphasized basically on freedom of brushwork, delicacy of color, smallness of scale, and happiness. Overall, Rococo art was portrayed of as paying attention to decorativeness while demonstrating playfulness and lightness. On the contrary, Baroque art depicted a more provocative and heavy-handed sensibility. In evaluating Borromini’s Baroque works as highlighted in Anthony Bluntà ¢â‚¬â„¢s literature titled â€Å"Borromini† and RemySaisselin’s â€Å"The Rococo as a Dream of Happiness†, it is possible to highlight the differences that create a distinction between the two styles’ sensibilities as they influenced architecture in ancient Italy. One key sensibility evident in Borromini’s works of architecture is that rather than rely purely on his own inventions or new designs, he derived inspiration from previous art masters. As Blunt writes, â€Å"Borromini was a conscious innovator, but that, like many other innovators, he relied much".