Global Impact of Software Patents Essay -- Copyright World Copyrighted

Global Impact of Software Patents Introduction: As companies and individuals expand beyond the domestic domain and venture into a global market, the issues of patents and copyrights become increasingly complex. The basis for a patent is to protect an implementation of some original idea in order to give the holder of the patent rights over their achievement. A copyright serves a similar purpose in providing the copyright holder with power of their own work. Many countries offer means to protect patented and copyrighted materials from being duplicated illegally. However, intellectual property rights such as computer software create a particularly difficult situation because of how easy software is to distribute and reproduce. Though a patent or copyright may exist and be protected in one country, other countries may not choose to acknowledge or extend its protective power. Therefore, to achieve universal protection, one must secure patents and copyrights in every country that issues them. Unfortunately, even this may not be enough protection. Many countries do not provide any protection from patent or copyright violations. Because of this, there is tremendous effort to have patents and copyrights enforced globally. Though internationally protected patents and copyrights provide the holder with the rights they deserve, they also have considerable consequences. Undeveloped countries are at a severe disadvantage when it comes to both obtaining patents and securing rights to use them. Efforts to have software patents and copyrights enforced internationally have damaging affects on developing countries because of the high prices associated with obtaining them and the power that developed countries have to enf... ...d World (Stanford: SUP, 1992) 50. 3 The Internationalisation of Software and Computer Services (Paris: OECD, 1989) 84. 4 Silverman, Lydecker, and Lee, 53. 5 The Internationalisation of Software and Computer Services (Paris: OECD, 1989) 88. 6 David B. Yoffie, Competing in the Age of Digital Convergence (Boston: HBS, 1997) 307. 7 Yoffie, 305. Bibliography: David B. Yoffie, Competing in the Age of Digital Convergence. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997. Evan I. Schwartz, "Patents Go Global," 2003, Technology Review, 6 May 2003, <http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/schwartz0503.asp?p=0> Milton Silverman, Mia Lydecker, and Philip R. Lee, Bad Medicine: The Prescription Drug Industry in the Third World (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. The Internationalisation of Software and Computer Services. Paris: OECD, 1989.

“Lord of the Flies” †novel by William Golding (1954) Essay

In this essay I will be comparing the three approaches to the incident of Piggy’s death. This is a very significant moment in the ‘Lord of the Flies’ and symbolises how outcasts are treated in a broken down society. I will be comparing the novel by William Golding, with the film by Peter Brook and the film by Harry Hook. The original book was written directly after World War 2, which had a great influence on how Golding decided to plan and write his book. The original book is the true ‘Lord of the Flies’, and the films are adaptations of the original novel. The film that was made in 1961 by Peter Brook was a very close interpretation of the original novel. The characters are the same, the setting is same, and the whole story loosely follows the same pattern as the book. Brook used thirty boys, aged eight to fourteen with non-acting backgrounds, as they all came from a randomly picked London school. He took them to an island off Puerto Rico for 3 months, in which time he filmed this masterpiece, which was ground breaking at the time and closely followed the book. It was original and daring, and was filmed in black and white with restricted amount of equipment. In contrast, the second film produced by Harry Hook in 1994, which was based on the same idea, but was set in different situations. The audience he was attracting needed much more action and adventure, which the old version doesn’t show and would probably be laughed at by Hook’s audience. The film needed to be original, which it was to his audience, but he cleverly used the book and the other film as a basis on which to build his ideas. The film, ‘Lord of the Flies’ by Harry Hook was filmed in colour, with American actors playing as army cadets with ‘mod cons’ such as army knives and watches. Changes such as including adults in the story and use of strong language add a twist to the original novel, and which isn’t portrayed in the 1961 version. It moves completely away from Golding’s original narrative, and his initial intentions. The opening shot is similar in the three versions of ‘Lord of the Flies’, but also has differences. The differences between the two films become evident at the opening of the scene. As the thundering waves are hurled against the sharp, jagged rocks with the darkness and savagery within them, the scene becomes clear. Brook turns to the boys walking along, you just know that something is going to happen. In the Peter Brook film, the coastline is the main feature, with the boys looking small, walking along. The faces of the boys are not so easy to depict until they get close enough. Ralph, Piggy and SamnEric, are looked down on by the camera, with the commanding rocks and the roaring sea all around. However, the boys don’t seem to be put off by this and look positive and intentional in their visit. In comparison, the Hook film shows the shot to be not so dark and suspicious, but more religious and sacrificial. The background noise of the crashing waves is substituted with choral singing. This time, we only see Ralph and Piggy approaching the rocks. Piggy is wearing full cadet uniform and appears not to be having problems with his sight. The boys are at the same level, and the darkness and savagery seems to be lost from this film. Both films have followed the idea of the book, Hook’s version more loosely than Brook’s film. Neither mentioned how much Ralph was injured or his ragged appearance as in the novel, â€Å"Ralph went first, limping a little, a spear carried over one shoulder.† The films left this out because it may well have not appealed to their audiences, as the hero doesn’t look perfect, especially with the later film. Hook also left out SamnEric in the advancing bunch. Golding, who wrote the original ‘Lord of the Flies’, starts this scene by retelling some of the plot. He reminds the reader how such a beautiful island has been effected by society, and how individuals can ruin things for everyone. â€Å"The sky and the mountain were at an immense distance, shimmering in the heat; and the reef was lifted by mirage, floating in a kind of silver pool half-way up the sky.† This little interlude reflects on the past, and will maybe add more impact to the incidents to come. Golding also mentions fire, which reminds the reader of how Jack stole the glasses off helpless Piggy, to use for their own comfort and as a aid for a cooking fire. The first sign of conflict between Jack and Ralph is when they meet. They start to argue and quarrel, and tension is built up within this period. This is the same with all three texts. Ralph intentions are clear as he approaches, but Jack wants none of it. In the novel, Golding has built up the tension with words he uses, â€Å"Ralph’s temper blazed out†. The sentences are short, and not very descriptive. The main feature of the scene, the fight, is portrayed similarly in all three texts. They attack each other vigorously, and the real conflict and anger between the two groups is apparent. In the film, by Brook, the camera can be used to aid the build up of tension as well as the dialogue. The short camera angles used reflect Goldings’ staccato language. The camera looks up to Jack, and down to Ralph. He appears in a definite commanding position. The camera follows Jacks face, which appears dark against the rock, and is hidden whenever Ralph speaks to hide his thoughts. He wears a mask to hide his face, which is savage and evil. Prior to the fight, the camera sways to Jacks barbarous face, with him holding his spear, with only the point showing. This shows the wildness and spite within Jack. This is shown similarly in the Hook film, but Jack doesn’t wear a mask, so we see more of his face. However, Hook has decided to use stronger language to convey the anger between the two boys. Hook chose similar camera movements and patterns to Brooks’ film, as they seemed to show the positions of the characters well and would appeal to his modern audience. Ralph and his gang are portrayed as the lower, weaker force, and Jacks rabble are shown as being in control. The main feature, the fight, is depicted equally in the three texts. Both sides seem angered, and in Hook’s film, the loss of society is also shown. Ralph, usually the well-balanced, even-tempered individual, is lowered to such means as fighting. On the other hand, that is Jacks usual way of settling things. Roger has a strong influence on Piggy’s death and plays a significant role, in all three interpretations of the ‘Lord of the Flies’. Roger is first introduced into the scene in the novel, when he starts to toss rocks at Ralph. His physical appearance is kept a secret and is only released when he pushes the lever, â€Å"Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever.† Roger is introduced earlier on in Brook’s film. What we see of Roger is a godly figure, with his face outlined to the sky. Hook shows us a close up of Rogers’ face from below. He is painted with black paint around the eyes and mouth, which looks like deep hollows in which evil is to be found. He is a symbol of evil and power and as a slight grimace creeps along his face, the audience is shocked by this terrifying image. His intentions become clearer as the scene advances. A longer period of time is spent on him, so does the amount we see of him. When the camera shows us his hand going towards the lever, the anticipation is built up, with the climax of him releasing it with great force, pounding down onto Piggy’s head. Roger is not so well shown in Hooks film. Most of the time he is hidden by the cliff edge and the other savages, but once the stone is released, Rogers’ face is no longer mysterious, but is clear. This makes the audience feel suspicion and fear towards Roger. Piggy is the main character in the scene, and is based on the character first developed in Golding’s novel in both the book and the films. Piggy has similarities and differences in the films, but the main ‘feeling’ of Piggy’s character is conveyed quite well. In Peter Brooks film, Piggy is uneasy about the situation, poised on the steep rocks which seem to fall into hell. He is wearing full uniform, showing his intentions to keep rules. The camera is overhead, and makes us feel pity for Piggy who is helpless. In the build up to the death, the camera focuses on short close-up shots of Piggy’s face to show his hopelessness and anxiety. Piggys’ voice is blurred by the natural sounds of the roaring of the sea crashing against the rocks. Ralph forgets what he came for, and Piggy knows this. This has an effect on the audience to feel empathy for Piggy. Harry Hook has changed Piggy’s character, to fit his wants and his audiences wants. He doesn’t make Piggy as disabled as Brook does in his film. He allows Piggy to be able to see fairly well and able him to stand on the same level platform as Ralph. Piggy isn’t left out or forgotten during the fight, and can be seen in the shots of the fight, standing in the background. In the book, Piggy seems extremely scared and worried of what was about to happen as he clings onto the steep sided rock face. â€Å"‘Am I safe?’ quavered Piggy. ‘I feel awful-‘†. Brooks’ film is better on picking up on the idea that Piggy is supposed to be very disadvantaged. Piggy’s emotions are shown well in all three texts, as a close up in the film, or as strong description in the novel. The murder is the main feature in the scene we are studying. It has a strong impact on the audience in all of the texts and is transmitted differently in each. In the novel, Piggys death is compared to a pig after his death, which is rather ironic, â€Å"Piggy’s arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pig’s after it has been killed.† The language used here is very severe and looks as thought Golding doesn’t really care about what has just happened to Piggy. After this there is a silence all around, until it is disturbed by a little speech between Jack and Ralph, followed by Jack throwing his spear at Ralph, which then leads him to run away, with spears coming at him from all directions. This isn’t shown in either of the films, and in Brooks’ film, nothing is said, and Ralph just flees. Brook has a lengthy build up to his death scene in his film. Hints are dropped all the time, with the camera continually looking at the rough sea and jagged rocks, then at Piggy’s confused face. Brook supports Golding’s language, with only a few minor changes. In the build up to the climax, the camera continually switches between Piggy and Roger, with longer shots to Roger as we get ever closer to the climax. Also, the noise of the jeering boys gets louder, and sounds more and more like air raid sirens, which adds to the effect of anticipation. This is obviously significant because it indicates the society the boys have just left, and shows the links to situations of which Golding has just witnessed before he wrote his novel, and of the tragedy of war. However, this is something that Brooks audience may not clearly remember so wouldn’t be so obvious in his film. The final shot of Roger is of him pushing down on the lever as with Golding’s novel. The face looks emotionless until the rock is released, when a wide, evil smirk smears across his face. The camera stays still to make Roger look as though he is pushing harder, as he moves out of the shot. We see the rock rolling down, and then we see Piggy’s viewpoint of the rock above, coming straight, bang down onto his head. Immediately as the rock hits Piggy, the jeering comes to a halt, and all is left is the roaring sounds of nature. All, including Jack seem shocked, but Roger is not. The camera switches between the characters showing their disbelief of that which Roger had just done. To end the lengthy scene, Brook has a shot of Ralph looking in commiseration down to Piggy. The camera is then just left still as Ralph scurries over the rocks. Harry Hook has changed the death scene in his film to suit his modern audience. Brook has kept close to the language with Piggy’s speech, and has only changed a few parts to suit more to his audience. In the shot where Roger releases the rock, the director shows the shot from Ralph’s point of view. As the rock falls, Ralph shouts â€Å"NO!† in a slow motion speech. Piggy is oblivious to the situation due to his eyesight. He says nothing, and just falls flat onto the rock and lies there in a pool of blood. This loosely follows the original text by Golding. Golding described how Piggy was knocked into the water and got washed away, whereas there was no sight of this in Hook’s film. â€Å"You’re not gonna get away with this† says Ralph after the death. Jack thinks logically and says that Ralph was on his own, which he most definitely was. The speaking is then terminated by the boys throwing stones at Ralph as he speeds away along the beach. All three versions of the ‘Lord of the Flies’ are interpreted differently, but use the same original story line written by William Golding. All are effective, but some are more so than the others. Personally, I think that Peter Brook directed the best film. This is because it was more appealing to the audience at that time, it was more successful and it follows the book much closer than the other film, which was directed by Harry Hook. However, I do like the book for the detail and originality within it. To me the text vividly describes the sights of horror and the dramatic feelings of loss and grief felt by the societies at this particular time of World War 2. At the time the book was written, which was just after the war, total communities had witnessed such devastation as was described in the book. They could relate directly to the savagery and the way the murder was committed in cold blood. I feel the book also cleverly puts the characters into stereotypes of the tim e, showing how certain communities and their structures can be so easily destroyed.

Coach Carter Essay

â€Å"Coach Carter† is a movie from 2005 by Paramount pictures and it is directed by Thomas Carter. It is based on a true story, in which head basketball coach of Richmond High School, California, Ken Carter made the headlines in 1999 for benching 15 players of his undefeated team due to very bad academic performance. This action is known as the lockout, but this action was very criticized by the Richmond High School, the players’ parents, the city, and media commentators. Ken Carter maintained that his athletes must take their studies seriously, so they could get access to college and other opportunities later on in life and the community’s opinion eventually changed when they started to see his reason, and after he was praised for his determined emphasis on prioritising these good values for his players. The movie is about Ken Carter, a successful sporting goods store owner, who accepts the job as a basketball coach for his old high school in the poor area of Richmond, California, where he was an elite athlete. As much dismayed by the poor attitudes of his players as well as their very bad performance on the court, Carter sets about to change both. He immediately imposes a strict regime typified in written contracts that include stipulations for respectful behavior, a dress code and good grades as requisites to being allowed to participate. The initial resistance from the boys is soon dispelled as the team under Carter’s tutelage becomes a undefeated competitor in the games. However, when the overconfident team’s behavior begins to stray and Carter learns that too many players are doing poorly in class, he takes immediate action. To the outrage of the team, the school and the community, Carter cancels all team activities and locks the court until the team shows acceptable academic improvement. In the ensuing debate, Carter fights to keep his methods, determined to show the boys that they need to rely on more than sports for their futures. You should not only see this movie because of the basketball, that is just a bonus you get, but you should see this film if you like to see films about people who make a difference. Ken Carter makes a difference to some poor  players without hope in their lives. The team starts out whit no hope or dream about getting in to college and the team got no unity. All these things plus many more are Ken Carter trying to change. So if you like to see youngsters with a poor life getting a new chance in life, you should differently see this movie. This movie could sound kind of boring, but it actually is not. This movie has a lot of moving moments and inspirational speeches and scenes. Is not only moving moments, there are also action in it, on the basketball court, but also in their life example one of the boys is a drug dealer and his uncle get shot. Timo Cruz: â€Å"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. You are playing small does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine as children do. It’s not just in some of us; it is in everyone. And as we let our own lights shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.†

Dr. Strangelove essays

Dr. Strangelove essays Dr. Strangelove (How I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb,? (Colombia Pictures 1964) Cast: Peter Gellers, George C. Scott This movie's story takes place in the sixties in the present time in which it was made. The story begins when a United States Army General decides to bomb Russia. The attack is ordered without the authority of The United States of America's Congress and President. Twenty million Russian lives are at stake of being hit with an atomic bomb. Through out the movie it is a race against time to stop the U.S. planes from bombing Russia. In this movie woman are only portrayed as sex objects. The first time I noticed this type of sexual depiction was when a United States pilot was reading a Playboy magazine while on duty in the aircraft. An extremely blatant sexual portrayal of a woman was when General Turgeison's secretary and lover answered the phone in her under ware. This scene was rather long and drawn out. The filmmakers made sure that the audience had plenty of time to stare at her half dressed body. They also had the woman stand in front of a mirror to make sure the audience could see both her front and back side, therefore doubling the sexual presence. At the end of the movie Dr. Strangelove propositions The U.S. President and his cabinet about building a bomb shelter with ten women to each man. He says that they should be attractive women as well. Of course the men use the excuse that to ensure procreation this would be a necessary measure to take, but we all know that the men are really only inte rested in this idea for their own sexual pleasures. Most of the men in this movie are portrayed as tough, rugged, military persons. The smoking of the cigar seems to play an important part in showing male dominance. The insane General Jack D. Ripper is shown almost all the time smoking his cigar, and many of the men in the war room are doing so as well. ...

Little and Small

Little and Small Little and Small Little and Small By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can you illustrate how little and small are correctly used? As adjectives, little and small are often interchangeable, but sometimes one will not do in place of the other. Either is used to describe people or things of reduced dimensions: Last night I saw upon the stair/A little man who wasnt there [The Little Woman] is a great and very inspiring book. I havent read anything like that in a long time. Its a testimony of a small woman who changed the whole country of China Small is preferred when describing something concrete that is of less than the usual size, quantity, value, or importance: Detective Swann showed us  to a small room  and then disappeared. President Grover Norquist [said] that any short-term deficit hit is a small price to pay for structural changes that will generate big savings down the road. Little often refers to concepts: Getting proper Louisiana hunting licenses takes a  little forethought. The writer attempts analysis, but  demonstrates little  or no original thought or insight. Most of these elements, however, are of  little importance in the grand scheme of things. Large is more frequently used than big to modify abstract nouns such as amount, proportion, quantity, size, sum, and volume: A newly published study from NASA shows that Earths atmosphere contains  an unexpectedly large amount  of Carbon tetrachloride. In certain contexts, little can mean miniature or â€Å"smaller than regular size†: The kindergarten room was furnished with little tables and chairs. The children were playing with little cars on the sidewalk. Both little and small can indicate the state of being a child: When I was little, I used to pretend I was invisible. When I was small, I used to pretend I could fly. But â€Å"This is my small sister† means that the sister is small in size, whereas â€Å"This is my little sister† means that the sister is younger than the speaker. In statements of contrast, little is usually paired with big; small is usually paired with large. The big boys wouldnt  let the  little ones  use the basketball. Oklahoma  companies,  large and small, profit from training.    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowThe Possessive Apostrophe8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

The Pioneers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Pioneers - Term Paper Example This paper is a critical analysis of contributions of Isaac Newton and Aristotle, some of the most distinguished scientific pioneers in the history of humanity. Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton, a distinguished English philosopher is considered as the most creative and prominent scientific theorist of all times. His most remarkable contribution in mathematical and scientific fields includes the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and pioneering theories in the study of light and color. Moreover, Isaac Newton revolutionalized physical science by the discovery of the three laws of motion and the law of gravitational pull (Westfall, 1971). His contribution in science and mathematics resulted to development of classical mechanics, a very influential scientific discipline. Though Isaac Newton is considered to be one of the most original thinkers, he collaborated the works and ideas of other scientists in the 17 century and before such as Kepler, Galileo, Descartes and Copernicus among others . Isaac Newton asserted this fact by acknowledging in one of his most famous quote that if he had seen further, it was by standing on the shoulders of giants (Alexandre, 1965). He distinguished himself as a brilliant physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and as a natural philosopher. According to Westfall (1971), Isaac Newton was born in January 4, 1643 to Hannah Ayscough and Isaac Newton. His actual place of birth was at Woolsthorpe, a rural town in Lincolnshire County. During his birth, the Gregorian calendar was not used in England then and hence his birth date was recorded using the Julian calendar as 25 December 1642. The Gregorian calendar, which is the modern style, was adopted in 1752 in England and it was ten days ahead of the Julian style (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was born prematurely and his father had died three months prior to his birth. Later, his mother Hannah remarried when the boy was just three years old, an incident that most Newtonian biographers c onsider as traumatic to his childhood and adulthood. Soon after his mother remarried, Isaac Newton was left under the care of his maternal grandmother Margery Asycough (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was separated from his mother until 1653, when she returned to her motherland after the death of her second husband. He enrolled at King’s school after refusing her mothers attempt of dropping him out of school to train him become a farmer. Isaac Newton’s early academic life was lackluster, but he later, he discovered his abilities after joining Cambridge University from Woolsthorpe in 1661 (Hall, 1980). Cambridge University is a renowned institution of higher learning but at the time of Isaac Newton admission, the centre had not yet grasped emerging scientific changes in its curriculum (Hall, 1980). In this regard, Ackrill (1981) noted that the curriculum was based on ancient works of Aristotle and other classical authors. In this respect, most biographers affirm that Isaa c Newton’s undergraduate studies involved a lot of Aristotle, resulting to his undistinguishable academic performance. However during this time, Isaac Newton concentrated and mustered the works of

Organ Donor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organ Donor - Essay Example It might be true that the living donors experience financial problems because of their altruistic behavior (Alvaro & Siegel, 2009). For instance, an organ donor can incur costs such as traveling and accommodation. However, being an organ donor is very elemental in life (Stevens, 2008). Donation of an organ saves life. It is evident that organ donation has contributed immensely to the health sector. Organ donation has significantly lowered the number of deaths that were associated with failure of main organs such as the heart and liver. In connection with this, some people claim that organ donors lose their income in addition to failing to provide care to their children because of the complications that result from donating an organ (Garg, 2006). Such assertions might be right, but it is also evident that organ donation improves the lives of over 50 people depending on the type of organs donated (Alvaro & Siegel, 2009). For instance, it is evident that the lives of most people with or gan failures are improved through transplantation of organs such as kidneys, eyes, and bones. Thus, it is through donor’s donation of such organs that recipients manage to resume their lifestyles. Some people also associate organ donation with occurrence of traumatic disorders. According to them, loss of the donated organ together with the life of the recipient makes a donor develop traumatic disorders. Such assertions might be true because of lack of understanding on what would have been done in order to save that lost life. It is also true that a donor risks his or her life when making a choice of donating an organ. However, it is evident that families of the deceased who became a donor feel relieved from the pain of losing a loved one through associating the deceased with the saving of other lives. Thus, it is evident that the donation of the organs by an individual helps