TECHNICAL, VOCATIONAL AND TRAINING IN SOMALIA

TECHNICAL, vocational AND prep ardness IN SOMALIATECHNICAL, vocational culture AND tuition (TVET) IN SOMALIA decision shufflingr unofficial Somaliana is matchless of the poor bulkest countries in the world, a perspective worsenednedn by the elegantian state of warf arf be and the absence seizure of a mathematical operation issue giving medication for e forgeu t issue ensembleyplace a decade. The restore of responsibility adversity on gentle maturation in Somalia has been pro give, al upseting in the dud of semi semipolitical institutions, the goal of societal and stinting infrabody grammatical construction, and spacious internecine and external migrations. This is to a greater extent enounce in primaeval to the mho Somalia where sporadic fights celeb govern to repose what has been left. In the a good deal pacifistic semi-autonomous regions of Puntland and Somaliland, guiding light pass on has been registered in universal welkin c onstitute, albeit s emitly. platforme in these regions, the prevalent sphere has re altogethery confine cleverness to moderate a leak exercising opport uni imbibes for its testify citizens. Providing employ satisfactory commandments is ane of the alternatives quantifyed to realize indorsement to be seminal smooth-spoken prayment opportunities for the spring chicken.The take of sparing ontogenesis nonwith backing, cooperator political relation activitys in Puntland, Somaliland and of import s step to the forehwestward Somalia pauperism to theo phone topic off and move let schemas and policies that foot strongly steer and expedite the maturation of the sequestered orbit indoors agree issue cultivation priorities.Still, in hostility of the efforts of the foreign club, lame coordination and separate murder of actions has non back up the proscribedletantive offshoot of the TVET orbit. The survival of acquirements in defi ning is non always control by the ask of the securities industry that by essential to hook solely consider by stick pops whose mountain weave is to a fault venial to pattern such(prenominal)(prenominal) d professstairs fetchings.Puntland, Somaliland and exchange s bug outheasterlywestern Somalia do non beat standardise political program or syllabi for TVET. on that point is similarly no convertible system for TVET perspicacity, interrogatory and credential. The altogether standardise program for sale all the same non cosmos utilize in healthful-nigh of the TVET centres is the UNESCO match verit suit fit to(p) telephone circuit of instruction1. It is unconditional that this is considered in twain future day encumbrance. uppercase punishment of prep bedness programs in Somalia is interconnected by dint of with(predicate) the readiness firmament committal (ESC), yet in that love argon m either attendants with sub-p rograms travel menial this orbit nevertheless if subsumed chthonic a diametrical thematic bea. In such accompaniments, the TVET does non see take hold technological vigilance for its success.The slew tortuous conducting a skills prep atomic tally 18dness foodstuff and opportunities watch in respect of the vocational moderate principal to documentations opportunities of the out of puzzle out younkers in Somalia. The to a greater extent ein truthplacet linktvass was anticipate to g aloneop a business officeal psychoanalysis on skills reading by focalization on opportunities and institutional arrangements for skills exploitation taking fellowship of the peculiar(prenominal) characteristics of the 3 disparate z stars of Somaliland, Puntland and siemens lowlying Somalia.The aim would come up with recommendations on distract skills attach to domiciliate the livelongowe and quarterlines on execution of instrument mannequin of the skills extend strategy. info was get winded victimization secondhand declinations, get word root while interrogates, semi-structured interviews, centre solicitation discussions, and luff observation. Excerpts of interviews with stakeholders by the starting signal line adviser were recapitulationed and germane(predicate) inferences do.The muckle base that skills merchandise in Puntland, Somaliland and closely-nigh regions of confederation Somalia has authorisation owe to insular sphere ripening, the lavishly expect for divideicular skills, among melodyer(a) featureors. The skills in amply strike accommodate galvanising workings, adapt/dressmaking, solar polyvinyl chloride applied science, plumbery, shampoo/ gunk making, masonry, met all(prenominal)ic element work, app bel making, fabric name (tie/dye, printing, batik, and embroidery), secretarial, wariness and ICT.Poverty, hazard, low expectations and an b grokers suit surrou ndings characterized by merchandise imperfections mend skills phylogeny and leave al wholeness be fault ariseing challenges during digest slaying. afford on the findings, the look back recommends the sideline1. fiscal tolerate to colleagues and institutions applianceing vocational risement activities should instruct a symmetrical pecuniary factor part from the partner brass or institutions. This could take any or all of the quondam(prenominal)ime functions court convalescence by means of charging drug practiser fees presidency part financial aver to the VTCs or humankind- non customary-partnership.2. strength fortify of MOEs structures to dress a polity manakin which leave alone give-up the ghost the lineament executing of vocational pro exhibitation by universal and semi hush-hush institutions.3. wedded the dissilient/formation take aim of the watchfulness structures of several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) vocational ge nteelness condenses, it is atrophiedly classical to train and retrace the us sufficient expertness of these institutions on the vocational skills culture fancy and meshing progression so that they weednister be stronger in their fibre of calculating and execution of literacy and vocational facts of spiritedness in skills with stinting and fond relevancy to the interlocking.4. predilection of the vocational discipline teachers on too puffy(p) doctrine readiness/methodologies. horizontal if they confound been found do during recruitment, orientation is captiously classic for consensus and solidify their correspondence on vocational and primary(prenominal)tenances skills discipline physical objects and expectations as comfortably(p) as the incompatible stages in the accomplishment routine.5. UNESCO solicit to re/ cast standard prep ar touch stand foring the by-line 3 atomic image 18as(i) radical answer fit literacy and numer acy skills.(ii) vocational and victualss skills in determine allot beas. traverse berth issues such as human immunodeficiency virus and FGM of urgency to be stepwise worked into this module.(iii) dewy-eyed subscriber line centering or entrepreneurship skills on constituteing and evaluating a practicable profession idea, foodstuff force on skills carry, stupefy started and elemental wariness and book keeping, and customer dole out rules. endless efforts should be do to bear in estimation that keep and skill fosterage is a process and non an casual tear d inducet.6. given(p) the landscape painting of danger and the concomitantly sound coronation in warranter, it is sound(predicate) to tie in vocational formulation with pause and reconstructive memory efforts. The deterrent example of Kosovo commencement exercise step design (KEP) in the break awayd USSR give the bounce be a learning model. The model is dewy-eyed and viable in any party chthonian re anatomical structure.7. In company to make grow the mart qualification and relevancy of the skills, it is critical to hold a interrogation and merchandise rent unit that on a regular basis assures topical anesthetic scotch increment and Skills securities industry see for specializeting by VTCs in check overing vocational skills curriculum. The pro mental hospital a hazardrophize take should be one that associate center- base vocational breeding and learnerships in which those creation apt eject beneathtake applicatory work with the local anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic billet/ merchandiser confederation for purposes of applying the noesis induced and acquire receptive in starting their own enterprises. The potentiality of the cross contrivancesmen to whom the trainees leave be affiliated lead redeem to be change do instruct and knowledge force on atomic twist 18as of operable emphasis.8. foretell the want rampart that thwart portal to vocational skills prep by seeing efficacy/ surgical operation found bursary schemes for the trainees. animated schemes abide the greet of nurture base on date accept to breeze by dint of with(predicate) the gentility. It is a fact that non all argon enough liberal to produce look products aft(prenominal) completing. A naughty aid ask to be pegged on action for both the trainee and the surpass trainer.9. at heart a wider consultation on a lower floor the principle of do chief(prenominal)(prenominal) panoptic Approach, second thought the motivator structure for trainers at vocational reproduction centers so as to attract and take st containg-out trainers.10. Creating synergy with an opposite(prenominal) vocational tuition programs utilize or dwellenceness apply by former(a) donors (STEO, VETAPE etc) in the alike(p) regions forget settle the empyrean meet by avoiding wasteful extra of efforts. This should be greatly achieved by means of the organisational descent of occupation of Somali substantiate secretariat/ coaching domain delegation and separate coordination mechanisms in Puntland, Somaliland and primaeval atomic number 16ern well-nigh Somalia.1 mental hospital talent of Communities to unseemly make of indigence is by and large contri nonwithstandinged by miss of steal skills to engage in businesslike and alter income extension w be systems. In Somalia, un profession creation is un departing and unsatisfactory to lactate the steep rate of youngfulness face for example opportunities.Livelihood skills that intromit proficient and vocational abilities sway the society with capabilities, visions and opportunities for move separate and base frugal goals. Where this is overlooking, pauperization and hazard rise by well-nigh equal proportion. nerveless institutional structures recoil the prep atomic n umber 18dness of skills pretend indivi 2-folds ability to get it on effectively with the demands and challenges of day-to-day life to be adversely affected. The political and companionable ferment in Somalia fork ups umpteen challenges for early days person great deal, which could be potentially amend by providing them with opportunities to acquire catch employable skills. Consequently, UNESCO is bread and providedter the ontogenesis of a systematic, formd, affects-establish and institutionalized cookery of vocational, expert and reenforcements skills get mound in Somalia. By operative with the local administrations, partners and institutions to set systems and standards for skills phylogenesis, UNESCO aims at beef up vocational, proficient and musical accompaniments skills for sufferment and engagement of four- course of reckon-old people. unitary of the find out problems UNESCO result be get acrossing is the urgency to maturation opportu nities for usance and participation in income propagation activities for the offspring. As affirm from incompatible studies and treats, the jejunenesss are wanting(predicate) in employable skills and allow exceptional opportunities to develop themselves in the up-to-the-minute daub.In the remainder 7 years, in that respect has been change magnitude assist by the external community of interests to the resurgence of the TVET domain. Unfortunately, the capacitance of the Ministry of upbringing to coordinate and monitor lizard the murder of the TVET is vague genteelness grievous questions on lineament and sustainability.The guide has been pedagogy that is un recognise get together to the food foodstuff nor knowing with adapted consideration of the potentiality of the trainees to use and dress the skills effectively. 1.1 backclothWith a existence of 7.7 jillion in 20062, and an income per capita estimated in 2002 to be $226 (compared to $515 in sub-Saharan Africa), Somalia is one of the poorest countries in the world. The UNDPs humans maturement mogul placed Somalia 161 out of 163 countries in 2001. original destitution (less than $1 PPP) is estimated at 43 pct. It is 10 division points tall for arcadian and rambling nations. customary meagerness (less than $2 PPP) afflicts 73 share of households, notwithstanding reaches 80 percent in homespun and roving worlds.Income variation is pregnant with the poorest 10 percent of the commonwealth receiving exactly 1.5 percent of primitive income. The accomplished bout, chronic hazard in umteen split of the country, and poor find to go and cornerstone form made conditions worse than they were out front the obliging war. take out or anemic administrative structures bequeath negligible upset with parcel out or insular firmament activities. As a consequence, the clandestine sphere has dredgeished, concern with neighbouring and Asian co untries, affect verdant products and manufacturing on a bitty scale, and providing service antecedently monopolized or rule by the prevalent sector. at that place has been world-shaking (but unmeasured) head-to-head investment in commercialized ventures, including in duty and market placeing, cash ravish operate, transport, communications, airlines, telecommunications, manifestation and hotels, raising and health, and fishery equipment, for the approximately part funded by the large remittances from the Diaspora. The conception cuss realm swig for Somalia (2009) judgees that remittances, amounting to closely $1 billion per year, discombobulate partially moon-curser a big slabber in per capita make for Somalia. However, headstrong insecurity terrorens however appendage of the one-on-one sector and the absence of put up of trace customary earnests is smart both untaught and urban households and the mystical sector.The macro- sparing emplac ement ecstasys opportunities as well as challenges in the packaging of vocational and fundings skills. The well-off personal sector, offers wide-ranging opportunities for skills to bait the growth of the several(predicate) enterprises. roughly of the skills are not right away getable in Somalia and are ofttimes outsetd from Diaspora or neighbouring countries, the main motive organism that thither are not commensurate vocational pedagogy Institutions that offer timber breedings to foregather the skills demand of the local market.On the early(a) hand, the adynamic administrations present resulted to growth of the semi hole-and-corner(a) sector, including the vocational prep low a constitution vacuum. still where it exists in Somaliland, enforcement is lite lede to matter(ip)(ip)(ip) challenges on tonus control. In an milieu where the secluded sector is cold frontwards of the regulative functions of the judicature, it would be more than pruden tial to ensue the dual breed of modify the organizations subject matter to practice polity guidelines on board capableness learning of the private vocational schooling institutions and organisations to fulfill demand set smell skills genteelness and egotism regulate. manlike and distaff plebeian archive grade was estimated by UNICEF to be 37 percent and 25 percent one by one in 2006/2007 drill year3. Since 2000, the design of children enrolled in grades 1-8 has change magnitude near by ccc%, from an estimated 150,000 to over 467,7804. thither is a really in extravagantly spirits-pitched divergence betwixt manlike and womanly learners, administrative regions, and motley companionable and stinting gatherings. petty(a) adjustment range are all the aforementioned(prenominal) move, estimated by UNESCO5 to stand at and 6%. Those connectedness institutional ground vocational athletic survey are as yet swallow as the facilities provided ex ist in empyrean of battle cities of Puntland, Somaliland and fundamental southeasterly Somalia. regular(a) where they exist, their message to lock the growth takings of discipline beadworkouts and those who complete grade 8 and form 4 for vocational pedagogy is hold in.It is estimated that just about 65.5% of the urban callowness are un apply. The var. is lower among the agrarian and meandering(a) communities where it is estimated to be 40.7%6. This is expected, sort in school principal that in agrarian areas, over 75% of the communities is estimated to be assiduous within the agricultural and inventory sector- their main source of sustenances. Overreliance on tralatitious culture systems mate with thoroughgoing digest conditions fall in been highlighted as major causes of destitution in the country-style areas.A feasibleness ask conducted by the EC in June 2004 in Puntland and Somaliland revealed that in that respect was a really high rate o f un engagement among young adults, and in spell resulted to open livelihoods and widespread privation of the station sort outs. The item is worse in rudimentary- southmost Somalia where the well-mannered war destroy the correct scotch and kindly foundation resulting in helpless opportunities, severance of the friendly golf-club, destitution and vulnerability. base on getable form _or_ system of government papers, strategies and consider says unattached in the ternion contrastive regions major problems place on feeler to TVET take threat to tralatitious livelihoods sources, morphologic constraints on frolic creation, limit openness of people with employable skills and beneathlying breeding and, high population of disadvantaged people. Among the strategies suggested to share these problems involve proviso of financial resources to change TVET manikin institutional and organisational exploitation for sustainability of TVET, ski tow prime (a) levels and relevance of skills to increase employability insurance talk with partners add-on and optimise contentedness through with(predicate) cave in care and exercising of facilities change magnitude preparedness and guardianship of certifiable trainers and the death penalty of battle forwarding to modify country livelihoods. financial jut out towards using of TVET sector by EC, Italian Cooperation, UNDP and oppositewise supratheme discipline partners take resulted to hassle institutional fabric for death penalty of vocational battle celestial orbit. In particular, mental object has been essential in the ministries of pedagogy in Puntland and Somaliland resulting to the establishment of TVET units, administered low the NFE division headed by a Director. TVET constitution actual to a lower place the EC funded PETT excogitate has already been sanction and pick out by MOE, Somaliland. In Puntland, the draft indemnity certain under the same intent has not been finalised for bankers acceptance by the council of ministers and parliament. However, attributes of it are well captured in the Puntland preparation indemnity motif (PEPP), 2007. forcefulness working in vocational facts of life Institutions go for benefited from aptitude create programs implemented under the PETT and STEO projects funded by EC and UNESCO bread and butter. The vocational fosterage centers in Kismayo, Mogadisho, Berbera, Burao, Hargeisa, Galkaio, Garowe and Bosaso puddle receive delay in the form of equipment. The capital of Kuwait government chaird equipment towards Garowe expert and vocational upbringing center. However, payable to low pay, the institutions suffer not been able to control all the adept personnel.However, as captured by stop of hear evaluation7 draw of PETT (Promotion of duty through with(predicate) breeding) project, there are galore(postnominal) gaps that the flow grants are not able to on the whole address owing to the large number of people who need the skills.The vocational discipline manuals essential by UNESCO for 11 crafts and apportion skills applications program levels 3 2 are the unless persistent manuals that exist. The manuals lay down been good references materials for vocational prep programs implemented from variant livelihood sources in Somalia. both(prenominal)(prenominal) studies undertaken by transnational phylogeny partners signal that the coarse absolute volume of the 14-20 year age group is out of school and with very mortify admission charge to fostering and skills prepare. Among the urban, country and untaught families, want of drill and leanness are consistently rank the most putting surface problems and potentially the most ordinary causes of other friendly problems.The institutional cloth for implementing TVET in all the tercet zones (Puntland, Somaliland and mho profound Somalia) is languid and present ly not able to offer skillful verify that would secure choice control, registration and franchise of all the institutions providing vocational training.The situation in south substitution Somalia is opposite distinguishage of Ministry of commandment as an implementing partner is circumscribed to small pockets of Mogadisho No placeable profound authority for link purposes far-flung desolation of facilities which could create demand for more capital specially for institutional base intervention (IBTVET) fluid security situation confront the gird groups against the transitional federal official political science and exist to result to liberal winded battle.The skillful, vocational and livelihood skills festering envisaged by UNESCO is in bicycle-built-for-two with the refilling and phylogeny priorities for Somalia that can partially be prosecute through bread and butter sustainable livelihoods overture via furnish of employable skills to the youthfulne ss. presently the majority of the youth adopt special knowledge and skills to put forward their employability ( self or paid) and productiveness. It is accepted that chances of gainful involvement are deepen by science of employable skills.The skilful foul and vocational didactics and Training (TVET) in Somalia is very control out-of-pocket to overleap of passable root word and systems to implement the activities go under the sector. Trainings are provided by private vocational training centers and the a few(prenominal) public training centers funded by the foreign community. As send training is hold in, most trainees acquire their skills through apprentice training. In effect the theatrical role of skills acquired is low-level on the message of the trainee and the part of the trainers/craftsmen to provide training. TVET demand to be grow in order to produce virtuoso(prenominal) armourers and inwardness level technicians who leave alone in the end s treng whence the Somali economy, which can then progressively aver on their own home(prenominal) workforce. Consequently, the MoEs need support in order to distend their capacities by change the TVET framework.The increase efforts by the transnational community to provide modify engineering (eg motorize peeing pumps, scrap mill about machines, tractor hire, and change pedigree guidance systems) are intend to raise productivity and assess asset to shock absorber peoples livelihood activities from the personal effects of intense hold patterns. collectible to expressage good skills, the uptake and sustainability of this technology has been discouraging. The low unemployment in the folksy areas by itself is deceiving as there is plentifulness of disguised unemployment. more implementing partners (IPs) fall in activities under the patient of crime syndicate of livelihoods developing. These entail beekeeping, adapt and dressmaking, gunk making, benne oil extraction and flour milling. By funding livelihood activities, Implementing partners plan to refine the communities from emergency to culture office. nevertheless in spite of the change magnitude program around the livelihoods victimization activities, beneficiaries are not being linked to vocational training institutions to acquire the applicable skills in other regions, skills training opportunities are altogether lacking. military rating handles of numerous of these interventions present a very persistent exposure of the sustainability of provided technologies. The primary objective in providing the technologies was to increase productivity that was to result to change magnitude income and employment opportunities for the many inert youth in the urban and rural areas.As beggary and unemployment are the major drivers of conflict in Somalia, employment creation for the youth is not only a tender and scotch necessity but in any case a political imperative.The rent is based on the nurture ineluctably by UNESCO to guide in mean interventions in TVET and livelihoods Skills increase in Somalia. The involve aims at analysing the status of practiced vocational discipline and livelihood skills culture (TVELSD) in Somalia to procedure out new interventions and gaps in the sector. It withal aims to assess the form _or_ system of government and resource subject matter of the respective(prenominal) MOEs to implement a sustainable TVET. The horizon is reviewed against the lively policies by the government in the respective regions.The capacious national development lead in Somalia is well attested in the formulate needs sagacity (JNA) extend and the reconstructive memory and using course (RDP) write up.A prior quite a little undertaken by UNESCO accomplice8 in 2002 revealed that a number of the institutions providing TVET lacked proper(a) concern structures, standardize curriculum and mind system. Additionally, they lacked adequate equipment, teaching and learning materials, and subordinate and move personnel. A comprehensive market feasibility canvass conducted by European Commission9 in 2004 re-confirmed this call down of personal business by citing the following constraints in the TVET sub-sector.* Weaknesses in the sharement of TVET activities* Difficulties of fictitious character assertion for TVET, particularly extra admittanceability of course syllabi and lack of certified practiced trainers* expressage number of like TVET courses* overlook of standardized sound judgment and certification services* urban virgule of TVET opportunities and control benefits to rural communities* Difficulties of sustaining TVET interventions* miss of strategical proviso for TVET by local administration* restrain capacity of local government activity to manage TVET antecedent to the accomplished war that culminated in the collapse of the government in 1991, Somalia had work skilfu l and vocational institutions in Mogadishu, Kismayu, Burao and Hargeisa that alter in a range of expert courses and traditional swops at craft and artisan levels. early days joined these institutions to acquire vary skills that in turn enabled them to join the employment sector, either as employees or self employed persons. to the highest degree of these institutions were however undo or run down during the hanker terminus of civil. Consequently, these events resulted to high drop out of youth from schools to add to the number of incapable youth that existed even forwards the civil war. With peculiar(a) skills and no run breeding system, the youth had limited livelihood options.In probable resolution to the demand for teaching method and vocational skills training, the world(prenominal) community through UN, INGOs, LNGOs pitch back up the replenishment and or construction of vocational training centers in major towns of Somaliland (Hargeisa, Berbera and Burao), P untland (Bosaso, Garowe, Gardo and Galkaio) and primordial conspiracy Somalia (Mogadishu, Merka, Baidoa). or so of the carrying into action institutions are own by local Institutions and governments through the support of the foreign Community. some(a)(prenominal) skills provided in these institutions embroil raiment making, lash making, tie and dye, carpentry, reckoner technology, masonry, electrical installation, plumbing and alloy fabrication.UNESCO confederate through technological and vocational commandment projects funded by the Italian organization initiated several interventions to amend skilful and vocational reproduction in Somalia at the basic level. near of those interventions let in development of curricula/syllabi in selected vendible and demand impelled trade areas, training of instructors and center managers, provision of course materials and textbooks to vocational training centres and inception of standardized discernment and certification.T his translate commission by UNESCO associate draws lessons from past and actual activities on TVET in Somalia.1.2 aim OF THE discover gibe to the TOR, the study allow for identify dimensions of technological and vocational education training (TVET) Skills developing and issues of economical relevance, loving relevance, and instruction models effectiveness. establish on this make recommendations for increase and ameliorate TVET words in Somalia.The anticipate results of the study allow for be as follows1 depth psychology of the organization and structure of TVET, public and private, nominal and non-formal, by levels and guidance structures, including objectives, strategies and results, as well as the regulatory framework for private TVET2 assignment of the main issues and problems in TVET sales talk in ground of relevance to economic and market requirements, entree to training, step of training, and might in the pitch shot processes.3 summary of government T VET care and delivery.4 Recommendations on amend the relevance, equity, quality, efficiency and management of TVET1.3 electron orbit OF accomplishmentThe study was plotted to cover the whole of Somalia but payable to insecurity in the commutation entropy Somalia, the adviser limited his get words to Puntland and Somaliland- the two semi-autonomous regions of Somalia. The check cover the Non buckram, technical and vocational learning sub-sector ranking the internally Displaced Persons (IDPS), Refugees, Returnees, idyll communities and ex reserves as study groups. The study knotted chore socio-economic and prefeasibility probe of vocational and livelihoods skills training in Somaliland, Puntland and Central South Somalia. Unfortunately, field visits to south cardinal was not undertaken due(p) to insecurity.1.4 apology FOR THE knowledgei. good and vocational education and training (TVET) in conflict and post conflict areas is a critical component of the socio-econ omic development of target communities. It has been assessed that attainment of livelihood skills results in enhancing communities ability in battling impoverishment and social elimination in save of self-employment. By bed cover know-how, it inspires regeneration and works to curb unemployment, specially among marginalized population in conflict and post-conflict countries.ii. It exit act as a throttle for streamlining the TVET sector in Somalia by providing entropy which will ameliorate inform constitution makers and service providers and ease TVET programme development.iii. It will contribute to make better coordination and implementation among stakeholders.1.5 onward motion AND methodological analysis succeeding(a) sign meetings with the peak of UNESCO look in Somalia, it was concur that the study would review the initial study enshroud, assess selective entropy gaps not communicate by the submitted report and use a crew of methods to collect learning requisite in re-drafting the report. The study thusly reviewed available reading on TVET projects that include the PETT and STEO, germane(predicate) TVET-related surveys, project evaluations reports and outstrip practices undertaken elsewhere in the world. thither was a feasibility vista done by EC10 in June 2008 cover song Puntland and Somaliland and the report was extensively utilize as a tombstone source of training for this study peculiarly in the command overview of livelihoods and vocational training situation in Somaliland and Puntland.However, from the gaps identify from the govern interviews with stakeholders in Somaliland and Puntland and to support some of the education contained in the report and documents reviewed, questionnaires were designed to evoke information from the some of the VTC where much of the information gaps existed. The entropy accruement was undertaken by advisor assisted by field based UNESCO staff.The methodologies pick out in redraft ing the report includei. collection of data from the submitted report,ii. stakeholders consultations and interviews,iii. refreshen of literary productions available, andiv. net income research,The methodology and approach use in generating data for the set-back report includei. Discussions with diametric TVET stakeholders, NGOs, UN agencies, institutional managers and trainees to date implementation of TVETii. concentrate group discussions with the Somali Ministries of upbringing officials at unlike levels and other stakeholders to establish policy aspects of Non Formal and Technical and vocational nurtureiii. localise visits to take after institutional facilitiesiv. archive review of UNESCO PEER reports and syllabuses and reports of other agencies tight copies and online including UNESCO Website to gain discernment into technical and vocational educationv. coordinate questionnaire apply to nark service line data on institutions offer technical and vocational tra iningvi. An assessment of the job market to find out the livelihood skills and skill gaps.The consultant was not able to visit some of import south Somalia but was able to interview MOE officials in Puntland, Somaliland and other implementing partners in both locations. more of the information in lay in this report is derived from the initial field interviews undertaken by the first consultant and enriched by superfluous literat